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Objective To introduce the teaching practice and experience of Pharmacy Administration in new era using a variety of teaching methods .Methods To review the characteristics and difficulties in teaching Pharmacy Administration ,as well as some practices and experiences with multiple teaching methods .Results The multiple teaching methods ignite student′s desire for learning and improve the quality of teaching .Conclusion Utilization of multiple teaching methods in Pharmacy Ad-ministration has achieved good results .These methods can be used as an effective way to optimize the teaching model .
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Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A ,which is widely involved in the various drug metabolism ,is most abun-dant in liver and intestine .The activity of CYP3A enzyme may be induced or inhibited in the process of drug metabolisms ,and affect the metabolism of other CYP3A substrates and modulators vice versa .At present ,in vitro probe drugs and in vivo bio-markers are both available to evaluate the activity of CYP 3A enzyme .The former requires oral probe drugs ,the latter does not need for those drugs and just allows laboratory technicians to detect endogenous substrates ,such as 4β-hydroxycholesterol and 6β-hydroxycortisol .As reported ,studies on CYP3A help to explain the inter-individually variability in drug metabolism ,to in-dicate dose adjustments in combination regimens when drug interactions exist ,to predict drug efficacy and toxicity reaction for providing theoretical guidance for individualized medication ,and to reduce market risk of new drugs for the potential drug inter-actions .We summarized these two kinds of endogenous biomarkers and their clinical application in this review .
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ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution of Kashin-Beck disease(KBD) in Tibet, and assess the disease status. Methods Between 2007 and 2008, a survey was done on KBDepidemiology which was carried out in four prefectures of 26 counties according to the east, south, west, north and center in Nakchu,Lhoca, Nyingtri and Shigatse districts of Tibet, with towns and villages as baseline survey points. According to the KBD e survey scheme, KBD clinical examination for adults was also carried out and at the same time clinical and right hand anteroposterior X-ray examinations were given to children aged 4 - 13. The partition of endemic area was based on the criteria of national standards for Kashin-Beck disease diagnoses《GB 16395-1996》. Slight KBD area:clinical prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease grade Ⅰ and above was less than 10％ or X-ray detection rate ＜ 10％ of children; the moderate prevalent KBD area: clinical prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease grade Ⅰ and above was between 10％ and 20％ or X-ray detection rate was between 10％ and 30％ of children; severe KBD area: clinical prevalence of KBD grade Ⅰ and above was more than 20％ or X-ray detection rate was higher than 30％ of children.ResultsA total of 108 townships of 26 counties were surveyed, 14 686 adults were clinically examined, cases detection of grade Ⅰ and above were 637 people, the prevalence was 4.34％, and no case of grade Ⅲ was detected.Of 5769 children's right anteroposterior X-ray film, 102 were detected positive; the prevalence rate was 1.77％.Metaphysis was affected in most of the child cases, which accounting for 89.2％ (91/102). Amongst all the counties, there were 10 counties, clinical detection rate of adult KBD was 0, and children's X-ray detection rate of KBD was also 0. In 1 county the clinical prevalence rate for adults KBD was 0 and X-ray detection rate for children was 3.66(7/191 ). In 12 counties the clinical prevalence rate for adults KBD was between 1.03％ and 7.54％, X-ray detection rate for children was between 0 and 7.76％, amongst all these counties surveyed there were 5 counties,the detection rate for children was 0. In 3 counties the clinical prevalence rate for adult KBD was between 10.69％and 13.88％, the X-ray detection rate for children was between 5.31％ and 7.76％. Conclusions According to the criteria for diagnoses of KBD, within the 26 counties surveyed, 10 counties are non-endemic areas, 13 counties are slight endemic areas, 3 counties are medium endemic areas. So far, KBD is prevalent in 52 counties of 7 prefectures (cities) in Tibet, the disease is widely distributed, the situation is still severe, and there is a need to continue to strengthen KBD surveillance.
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Objective Throush identify biochemical characteristics and virulence factors of 2 strains suspected Yersinia pestis(Y.pestis)isolated from the dead Marmota himalayana(M.himalayana)to confirm the nature epidemic focus in Dege County,Sichuan Province.Methods Y.pestis was analyzed by specific staining and shape,culturing characteristics,splitting-test by bacteriophage,test of biochemical characteristics and glycolysis ability,virulence factors,virulence,nutritional requirement,plasmid,genetic test and genetic type. Results The tested strains were Gram staining bacilus.The main biochemical characteristics were Arabinose(+)、 Rhamnose(-),Maltose(+),Melibiose(-),Glycerol(+),Denitrification(+).The virulence factors with FI+.VW+, Pgm+,Pst I+;and with the common 6.0×106,45.0×106,65.0×106 plasmids,also with the virulence-relative plasmid gene.Both their absolutely lethal dose(LD100)in mice were 50 bacteria.The nutritional requirement appeared which were depended on Phenylalanine and Methionine.With the Genomovar 5 genotype characteristics of M.himalayana plague foci of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.The difference between tested strains and Yersinia pseudotubercuosis on the 3 different culture medium was obvious.The tested strains had a Y.pestis' specific 3a fragment,Pst I and FI-Ag,at 22 ℃,the strains could be split by bacteriophage completely.Conclusions According to the diagnostic criteria of plague in China,the 2 suspected strains isolated from Dege County,Sichuan Province ale confirmed as Y.pestis.both with powerful virulenceand with the characteristics of the Y.pestis of M.himahtyana in Qinghai-Tibet plateau plague natural focus.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of rhubarb in protecting the intestinal muco-membranous barrier in the mice.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Bal b/c mice were divided into 2 groups, gavaged with normal saline and 10% rhubarb decoction, respectively. The animals were killed after 24 hours after the treatments. The intestinal juice was collected after intestinal lavage and centrifuged for determination of IgA, total protein, C3, high density lipoprotein, type II PLA2 activity, and content of lysozyme. At the same time, 40 mg of small intestine were incised in each mouse. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gel image analysis were performed to detect the content of the cryptdin gene expression.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The content of IgA, total protein, the C3, lysozyme, and the type II PLA2 activity in intestinal lavaged juice exhibited the statistical differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference in the ontents of HDL, cryptdin-1 and cryptdin-4 gene expression between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rhubarb could increase secretion of several immune associated substances of the mucous membrane in normal intestine, indicating a possibility to abate the injury of intestine mucus resulted from severe stress induced by trauma, burn and shock. Through above mechanisms Rhubarb may also reduce the incidence of bacterial translocation and systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome (SIRS).</p>